Synthesis of barium oxide nanoparticles and its novel application as a catalyst for the photodegradation of malachite green dye

Abstract The synthesis of undoped barium oxide (BaO) and neodymium (Nd)-doped BaO nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out through the co-precipitation technique. cubic structure NPs confirmed X-ray diffraction (XRD). crystallite sizes calculated from X-rays diffractometric (XRD) results for Nd-doped were 10.50 nm 10.04 nm, respectively. morphological study percent composition synthesized investigated using a scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis decomposition precursor to after annealing at ~ 500 °C. band gap energy 3.7 eV. substitution Nd decreased this value 3.4 activation doped 16.5 kJ/mol 22.5 kJ/mol, degraded about 96.4% dye, while 86.6% dye within 120 min. used as novel catalysts photodegradation malachite green (MG) by varying irradiation time, catalyst dose, pH, temperatures initial concentration. maximum degradation efficiency achieved pH 4, dose 10 mg, concentration 50 ppm, temperature also studied recovered catalysts.